The end of the Viking Age was influenced by several interlinked factors, leading to the gradual decline of Norse seafaring, raids, and territorial expansion by the 11th century. One major influence was the spread of Christianity across Scandinavia, beginning in the 9th century and gaining momentum throughout the Viking period. Christianization was a peaceful process in some regions but, in others, involved intense conflicts and conversions by force. As Norse rulers and influential figures adopted Christianity, Viking society’s structure and motivations transformed. Christian leaders in Europe began forming stronger defenses against Viking incursions, leading to the consolidation of states and feudal systems. Additionally, the development of defensive structures, such as fortresses along European coasts, made it increasingly difficult for Vikings to raid successfully. Economic factors also played a significant role. Viking trade routes shifted as Scandinavia integrated into European markets, making raids less profitable. The increasing centralization of European kingdoms, such as England and France, created fortified regions that further resisted Viking raids. Politically, Scandinavia became less fragmented as it formed united kingdoms under leaders like King Harold Bluetooth of Denmark and King Olaf II of Norway, who were strong Christian proponents. By the early 12th century, these changes marked the end of Viking raids and ushered in a period of Scandinavian integration into medieval European society, ending the Viking Age.