Segmentation faults occur when your program tries to access memory it’s not allowed to, usually caused by out-of-bounds array access or dereferencing null or uninitialized pointers. To debug a segmentation fault, the first step is to check all array and pointer accesses to ensure they are within bounds. For instance, in a 0-indexed array of size n, trying to access arr[n] would cause a segfault. Memory issues can also occur in recursive programs that go too deep, causing stack overflow. Using debugging tools like `gdb` or adding print statements before array or pointer accesses can help identify the exact location of the fault. Properly handling memory allocation and freeing unused memory in languages like C++ can prevent many segmentation faults.