Heap sort is an efficient comparison-based sorting algorithm that takes advantage of a binary heap data structure to sort elements in O(n log n) time. The algorithm works by first building a max heap from the input array, where the largest element is at the root. Once the heap is built, the largest element is swapped with the last element in the array, and the heap size is reduced. The heap is then reheapified, and this process is repeated until the array is sorted. In TypeScript, implementing heap sort involves writing a function to build the heap and another to maintain the heap property after each swap. Heap sort is an in-place sorting algorithm, meaning it doesn't require additional memory. It is particularly useful in scenarios where memory usage is a concern and when you need guaranteed O(n log n) performance. Heap sort is often used in systems where sorting needs to be stable and predictable, such as in priority scheduling systems or in applications requiring external sorting of large datasets. Learning heap sort in TypeScript will expand your understanding of efficient sorting algorithms and their practical uses.