Race conditions occur when multiple threads or processes try to access and modify shared resources simultaneously, leading to unpredictable and incorrect results. In a TypeScript application using worker threads or multithreading, debugging race conditions involves identifying the shared resources and the points where concurrent access occurs. Using mutexes (mutual exclusion locks) is a common solution to prevent race conditions. A mutex ensures that only one thread can access the shared resource at a time, while other threads are blocked until the mutex is released. Semaphores are another synchronization tool that can limit the number of threads accessing a resource. Debugging race conditions requires careful analysis of the program flow, potentially using logging to trace access patterns and pinpoint where the conflict occurs. Tools like `async-mutex` in Node.js can help implement locking mechanisms. Once identified, restructuring the code to avoid shared state or properly locking resources can eliminate race conditions and make the application more reliable.